Cassette for stabilised radiolabelling reaction

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method for the synthesis of an injectable composition comprising a [ 18 F]-labelled pyridaben derivative that is advantageous over prior methods. In particular, the method of the present invention comprises a method of radiosynthesis that permits a more facile purification using solid phase extraction (SPE).

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to diagnostic imaging agents useful for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging as well as to improved means for producing such imaging agents. More specifically, the present invention is directed to method of purifying a crude [¹⁸F]-labelled pyridaben derivative which in turn can then be formulated into a composition suitable for injection for myocardial perfusion imaging and methods and devices for preparing same. More specifically, the present invention is directed to the automated synthesis and purification of a [¹⁸F]-labelled pyridaben derivative by means of solid phase extraction (SPE).

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

[¹⁸F]-labelled labelled pyridaben derivatives are known that find use in determining the presence or absence of a cardiovascular disease or condition in a subject. Methods for the synthesis of these [¹⁸F]-labelled pyridaben derivatives are described in WO2011097649 A2 and comprise nucleophilic [¹⁸F]-fluorination of an imaging agent precursor to form an imaging agent. The synthesis of an injectable composition comprising the compound [¹⁸F]-flurpiridaz ([¹⁸F]-FPZ) is described wherein the method comprises nucleophilic [¹⁸F]-fluorination of a tosylate precursor compound, dilution with water followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification.

Finding a purification method for [¹⁸F]-FPZ that avoids HPLC is highly desirable and would result in easier accessibility for commercial application.

However, in developing a method using solid phase extraction (SPE) as the sole means of purification, a large percentage of a late-eluting product was observed that elutes very close to the desired product that to date can only be removed using a purification method comprising HPLC. The present inventors observed up to 22% of this radioimpurity. This results in a reduction in process yield and low radiochemical purity (RCP) of the final product as the radioimpurity elutes after [¹⁸F]FPZ and can be present in the SPE elution.

There is therefore a need for improved methods for the synthesis of [¹⁸F]FPZ.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides:

In one aspect the present invention provides a method comprising reacting a precursor compound with ¹⁸F-fluoride in the presence of (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) to obtain an ¹⁸F-labelled compound wherein:

-   -   said precursor compound is of Formula I:

BTM-LINKER-LG  (I)

-   -   -   wherein:         -   BTM is an analogue of pyridaben;         -   LINKER is an alkylene or an alkoxyalkylene; and,         -   LG is a sulfonate-containing leaving group; and,

    -   said ¹⁸F-labelled compound is of Formula II:

BTM-LINKER-¹⁸F  (II)

-   -   wherein BTM and LINKER are as defined for Formula I         in another aspect the present invention provides a cassette for         carrying out the method of the invention comprising:     -   i) a vessel containing the precursor compound as defined in         claim 1;     -   ii) a vessel containing water;     -   iii) one or more SPE cartridges;     -   iv) a vessel containing a solution comprising an organic         solvent;     -   v) a vessel containing a solution comprising ethanol;     -   vi) a vessel containing a hydrolysing reagent;     -   vii) TEMPO contained in a vessel or contained in said vessel         containing the precursor compound;     -   viii) a reaction vessel;     -   ix) means for eluting the vessel of (i) with a suitable source         of ¹⁸F;     -   x) means to transfer the precursor compound and suitable source         of ¹⁸F to the reaction vessel;     -   xi) means to transfer the crude reaction mixture as defined in         claim 1 to said one or more SPE cartridges;     -   xii) means to selectively transfer said water, said solution         comprising an organic solvent and said solution comprising         ethanol to said one or more SPE cartridges; and,     -   xiii) means to transfer said purified compound of Formula II as         defined in claim 1 to a product collection vial.

The present inventors identified that the radioimpurity is formed due to radiolysis of [¹⁸F]FPZ during the radiolabelling reaction. A number of radiostabilisers were tested Addition of TEMPO to the precursor reduces the radiolysis substantially, e.g. from up to 22% to 1% at 100 GBq starting activity.

Therefore, addition of TEMPO to the labelling reaction has been found to reduce the amount of the late eluting radiolysis product and as a consequence allows subsequent purification to be carried out in a more facile manner. More specifically the present invention also permits using solid phase extraction (SPE) alone for purification of [¹⁸F]FPZ.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 : Comparison of crude product with (top) and without (bottom) the addition of (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) to the labelling reaction.

FIG. 2 : Comparison of crude product with (top) and without (bottom) hydrolysis with NaOH post labelling reaction. The species in the 4-5 minute region are almost completely removed by the hydrolysis reaction.

FIG. 3 : Comparison of SPE purified product with (top) and without (bottom) ascorbic acid present in the product vial.

FIG. 4 shows the layout of a FASTlab™ cassette suitable for carrying out the method of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

To more clearly and concisely describe and point out the subject matter of the claimed invention, definitions are provided hereinbelow for specific terms used throughout the present specification and claims. Any exemplification of specific terms herein should be considered as a non-limiting example.

The terms “comprising” or “comprises” have their conventional meaning throughout this application and imply that the agent or composition must have the essential features or components listed, but that others may be present in addition. The term ‘comprising’ includes as a preferred subset “consisting essentially of” which means that the composition has the components listed without other features or components being present.

A “precursor compound” comprises a non-radioactive derivative of a radiolabelled compound, designed so that chemical reaction with a convenient chemical form of an in vivo-detectable label occurs site-specifically; can be conducted in the minimum number of steps (ideally a single step); and without the need for significant purification (ideally no further purification), to give the desired in vivo imaging agent. Such precursor compounds are synthetic and can conveniently be obtained in good chemical purity.

The term “alkylene” refers to the bivalent group —(CH₂)_(n)— wherein n is preferably an integer from 1-6.

The term “alkoxyalkylene” means an alkylene as defined above comprising an ether linkage, where the term “ether linkage” refers to the group —C—O—C—.

The term “leaving group” refers to an atom or group of atoms that is displaced as a stable species during a substitution or displacement radiofluorination reaction. Suitable leaving groups for the present invention are sulfonate-containing leaving groups, where “sulfonate” means —SO₃.

The term “¹⁸F-fluoride” refers to ¹⁸F-fluoride in a chemical form suitable for displacing LG of Formula I in a nucleophilic substitution reaction to result in a compound of Formula II. ¹⁸F-fluoride is normally obtained as an aqueous solution from the nuclear reaction ¹⁸O(p,n)¹⁸F and is made reactive by the addition of a cationic counterion and the subsequent removal of water. Suitable cationic counterions should possess sufficient solubility within the anhydrous reaction solvent to maintain the solubility of ¹⁸F⁻. Suitable counterions include large but soft metal ions such as rubidium or caesium, potassium complexed with a cryptand such as Kryptofix™ 222 (K222), or tetraalkylammonium salts. A suitable tetraalkylammonium salt is tetrabutylammonium hydrogen carbonate. A detailed discussion of well-known ¹⁸F labelling techniques can be found in Chapter 6 of the “Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals” (2003; John Wiley and Sons: M. J. Welch and C. S. Redvanly, Eds.).

The method of the invention comprises inclusion of TEMPO. Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) is included in reacting step (a). In one embodiment TEMPO is present in a molar ratio to the precursor compound of between 0.01:1 and 5:1, preferably between 0.1:1 and 2:1, most preferably between 0.4:1 and 0.6:1, especially preferably around 0.5:1, e.g. 0.56:1.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention the starting radioactivity is between 100-1000 GBq.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention the starting radioactivity is between 100-750 GBq.

In one embodiment the method of the invention further comprising purification of said ¹⁸F-labelled compound by means of solid phase extraction (SPE).

In one embodiment said SPE is carried out using one or more SPE cartridges.

In one embodiment said one or more SPE cartridges are selected from a tC18 and a mixed mode SPE cartridge.

In one embodiment said one or more SPE cartridges are tC18 cartridges.

In one embodiment said one or more SPE cartridges are 2 tC18 cartridges.

The term “solid phase extraction (SPE)” refers to the well-known sample preparation process by which compounds in a solution are separated from each other based on their respective affinities for a solid (the “solid phase”, or “stationary phase”) through which the sample is passed and the solvent (the “mobile phase” or “liquid phase”) in which they are dissolved. The result is that a compound of interest is either retained on the solid phase or in the mobile phase. The portion that passes through the solid phase is collected or discarded, depending on whether it contains the compound of interest. If the portion retained on the stationary phase includes the compound of interest, it can then be removed from the stationary phase for collection in an additional step, in which the stationary phase is rinsed with another solution known as an “eluent”. For the present invention SPE is suitably carried out using at least one “SPE cartridge” (also often referred to as an “SPE column”), a variety of which are readily available commercially and typically as a column packed with solid phase. Most known solid phases are based on silica that has been bonded to a specific functional group, e.g. hydrocarbon chains of variable length (suitable for reverse-phase SPE), quaternary ammonium or amino groups (suitable for anion exchange), and sulfonic acid or carboxyl groups (suitable for cation exchange). SPE in the context of the present invention specifically excludes HPLC. In one embodiment two SPE cartridges fluidly connected in series are used in the present invention.

In certain embodiments, as will be known to a person skilled in the art, the mobile phase used with the SPE cartridge will depend on choice of SPE cartridge. For example, in one embodiment where the SPE is an Affinisep polymer, aqueous acetonitrile is a suitable organic solvent, for step (iii), a non-limiting example of which would be 40% acetonitrile and 60% water. The eluent for the same SPE cartridge can be aqueous ethanol, a non-limiting example of which is 60% ethanol and 40% water. In one embodiment when the SPE is C18, an ethanol-based organic solvent for step (iii) and for elution can be used. As a non-limiting example 30-40% ethanol in water for the solvent for step (iii) followed by ethanol elution, which can be less than 100% ethanol.

In one embodiment a hydrolysing reagent is added during the purification.

The term “hydrolysing reagent” refers to a reagent capable of hydrolysis wherein “hydrolysis” is a technical term well known to those of skill in the art, i.e. a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water, where the reaction mainly occurs between an ion and water molecules and often changes the pH of a solution. In chemistry, there are three main types of hydrolysis: salt hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, and base hydrolysis.

In one embodiment, said hydrolysing reagent is acidic. Any suitable acid may be used. In one embodiment said acidic hydrolysing reagent comprises hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid.

In one embodiment, said acidic hydrolysing reagent is HCl.

In one embodiment, said hydrolysing reagent is alkaline. Any suitable base may be used. In one embodiment, alkoxide, alkali metal hydroxides, or thiooxide bases can be used. In a further embodiment, the base is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydride, sodium thiomethoxide, sodium ethoxide, ammonia/ammonium hydroxide and sodium methoxide.

In one embodiment, said alkaline hydrolysing reagent is selected from NaOH, NH₄OH and NaOMe. In another embodiment, said alkaline hydrolysing reagent is NaOH.

The BTM is an analogue of pyridaben. Methods to obtain suitable pyridaben analogues are known in the art.

In one embodiment certain compounds of Formula I can be obtained following or adapting the processes described in WO2011097649 A2, starting with etherification of the starting compounds comprising formulae:

where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; R¹ is alkyl, optionally substituted; R² is hydrogen or halide; R³ can be the same or different and are alkyl, heteroalkyl, or a carbonyl-containing group, each optionally substituted, R⁵ is hydroxyl or halide; and R⁶ is alkyl, heteroalkyl, or a carbonyl-containing group, each optionally substituted, wherein, when R⁵ is hydroxyl, at least one of R⁶ and R³ comprises a leaving group; or wherein R⁵ is halide, at least one of R⁶ or R³ comprises a hydroxyl, to produce a compound comprising formula:

wherein W is alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted; R¹ is alkyl, optionally substituted; R² is hydrogen or halide; each R³ can be the same or different and is alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or heteroalkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl; wherein at least one R³ comprises hydroxyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; R¹ is alkyl, optionally substituted; R² is hydrogen or halide; R³ can be the same or different and are alkyl, heteroalkyl, or a carbonyl-containing group, each optionally substituted. Then reacting this compound with a sulfonate-containing species such that at least one R³ is converted to alkyl substituted with a sulfonate-containing group or heteroalkyl substituted with a sulfonate-containing group. This sulfonate-containing compound is a precursor compound of Formula I of the present invention. The sulfonate-containing precursor can then be reacted with ¹⁸F-fluoride to obtain compounds of Formula II of the present invention.

In one embodiment of the invention, said precursor compound is a compound of Formula Ia:

and said ¹⁸F-labelled compound is a compound of Formula IIa:

wherein: R¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is hydrogen or halo; W is an optionally substituted alkylene or heteroalkylene; LINKER and LG are as defined in claim 1.

In one embodiment R¹ of Formula Ia and Formula IIa is C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In one embodiment R¹ of Formula Ia and Formula IIa is methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl.

In one embodiment R² of Formula Ia and Formula IIa is halo.

In one embodiment R² of Formula Ia and Formula IIa is chloro.

In one embodiment W of Formula Ia and Formula IIa is heteroalkylene.

In one embodiment W of Formula Ia and Formula IIa alkoxyalkylene.

In one embodiment of the invention, said compound of Formula I is a compound of Formula Ib:

and said compound of Formula II is a compound of Formula IIb:

wherein R¹, R², LINKER and LG are as variously defined herein for Formula I and Formula II.

In one embodiment of the invention, said compound of Formula I is:

wherein LG is as variously defined herein; and said compound of Formula II is:

In one embodiment of the invention LG is selected from mesylate, tosylate, triflate, nosylate, or 1,2-cyclic sulfate.

In one embodiment of the invention LG is tosylate.

In one embodiment said precursor compound is dissolved in acetonitrile.

The method of the invention can be carried out using an automated synthesizer apparatus. By the term “automated synthesizer” is meant an automated module based on the principle of unit operations as described by Satyamurthy et al (1999 Clin Positr Imag; 2(5): 233-253). The term “unit operations” means that complex processes are reduced to a series of simple operations or reactions, which can be applied to a range of materials. Such automated synthesizers are commercially available from a range of suppliers including: GE Healthcare; CTI Inc; Ion Beam Applications S.A. (Chemin du Cyclotron 3, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium); Raytest (Germany) and Bioscan (USA).

An exemplary automated synthesizer carries out a radiosynthesis by means of a cassette. By the term “cassette” is meant a piece of apparatus designed to fit removably and interchangeably onto the automated synthesizer apparatus in such a way that mechanical movement of moving parts of the synthesizer controls the operation of the cassette from outside the cassette. Suitable cassettes comprise a linear array of valves, each linked to a port where reagents or vials can be attached, by either needle puncture of an inverted septum-sealed vial, or by gas-tight, marrying joints. Each valve has a male-female joint which interfaces with a corresponding moving arm of the automated synthesizer. External rotation of the arm thus controls the opening or closing of the valve when the cassette is attached to the automated synthesizer. Additional moving parts of the automated synthesizer are designed to clip onto syringe plunger tips, and thus raise or depress syringe barrels.

A typical cassette has several positions for reagents and several suitable for attachment of syringe vials of reagents or chromatography cartridges (e.g. SPE). The cassette always comprises a reaction vessel. Such reaction vessels are preferably 1 to 10 cm³, most preferably 2 to 5 cm³ in volume and are configured such that 3 or more ports of the cassette are connected thereto, to permit transfer of reagents or solvents from various ports on the cassette. Preferably the cassette has 15 to 40 valves in a linear array, most preferably 20 to 30, with 25 being especially preferred. The valves of the cassette are preferably each identical, and most preferably are 3-way valves. The cassettes are designed to be suitable for radiopharmaceutical manufacture so are manufactured from materials of pharmaceutical grade and ideally also resistant to radiolysis.

In one embodiment the cassette is a disposable, single use cassette which comprises all the reagents, reaction vessels and apparatus necessary to carry out the method of the invention.

The cassette approach has the advantages of simplified set-up, reduced risk of operator error; improved GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) compliance; multi-tracer capability; rapid change between production runs; pre-run automated diagnostic checking of the cassette and reagents; automated barcode cross-check of chemical reagents vs. the synthesis to be carried out; reagent traceability; single-use and hence no risk of cross-contamination, tamper and abuse resistance.

The present invention therefore also provides a cassette for carrying out the method of the invention comprising:

-   -   i) a vessel containing the precursor compound as defined herein;     -   ii) a vessel containing water;     -   iii) one or more SPE cartridges;     -   iv) a vessel containing a solution comprising an organic         solvent;     -   v) a vessel containing a solution comprising ethanol;     -   vi) a vessel containing a hydrolysing reagent;     -   vii) TEMPO contained in a vessel or contained in said vessel         containing the precursor compound;     -   viii) a reaction vessel;     -   ix) means for eluting the vessel of (i) with a suitable source         of ¹⁸F;     -   x) means to transfer the precursor compound and suitable source         of ¹⁸F to the reaction vessel;     -   xi) means to transfer the crude reaction mixture as defined         herein to said one or more SPE cartridges;     -   xii) means to selectively transfer said water, said solution         comprising an organic solvent and said solution comprising         ethanol to said one or more SPE cartridges; and,     -   xiii) means to transfer said purified compound of Formula II as         defined herein to a product collection vial.

In one embodiment TEMPO is present in a dedicated vessel on the cassette. In one embodiment TEMPO is present in the vessel containing the precursor compound, for example dissolved in acetonitrile.

The “organic solvent” suitably comprises a solvent known to those of skill in the art for SPE elution, for example tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate and dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile (MeCN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetic acid, t-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethanol (EtOH) and methanol (MeOH). The organic solvent may be provided as an aqueous solution of said solvent.

In one embodiment the cassette further comprises a vial containing a hydrolysing reagent as defined herein.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims. All patents and patent applications mentioned in the text are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, as if they were individually incorporated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLES

Example 1 describes the radiosynthesis of crude [18F]Flurpiridaz.

Example 2 describes the radiosynthesis of crude [18F]Flurpiridaz with the addition of TEMPO.

Examples 3 and 4 describe the radiosynthesis of [18F]Flurpiridaz with SPE purification.

Example 5 describes the automated synthesis and purification of [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz.

Example 6 describes alternative ways for the radiosynthesis of [18F]Flurpiridaz with SPE purification.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE EXAMPLES

-   EtOH ethanol -   HPLC high performance liquid chromatography -   MeCN acetonitrile -   PBS phosphate buffered saline -   QMA quaternary methyl ammonium -   RAC radioactive concentration -   SPE solid phase extraction -   TEMPO (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl

EXAMPLES Example 1: Radiosynthesis of Crude [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz

[¹⁸F]-fluoride (ca. 100 GBq) was produced using a GE Medical Systems PETtrace cyclotron with a silver target via the [¹⁸O](p,n) [¹⁸F] nuclear reaction. Total target volumes of 3.2-4.8 mL were used. The radiofluoride was trapped on a Waters QMA cartridge (pre-conditioned with carbonate), and the fluoride was eluted with a solution of tetrabutylammnonium hydrogen carbonate (22 mg) in water (100 μL) and acetonitrile (400 μL). Nitrogen was used to drive the solution off the QMA cartridge to the reaction vessel. The [¹⁸F]fluoride was dried for 9 minutes at 120° C. under a steady stream of nitrogen and vacuum. The precursor (10.2 mg, synthesized according to known methods) in MeCN (1.7 mL) was added to the dried [¹⁸F]-fluoride and the reaction mixture was heated at 120° C. for 10 minutes. The crude product was diluted with water (9.3 mL) and analysed by HPLC.

The % of [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz in the crude product was 81% with 13% of a late eluting radiolysis product (FIG. 1 ). In once instance of the radiosynthesis the inventors observed only 72% [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz.

Example 2: Radiosynthesis of Crude [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz with the Addition of TEMPO

[¹⁸F]-fluoride fluoride (ca. 100 GBq) was produced using a GE Medical Systems PETtrace cyclotron with a silver target via the [¹⁸O](p,n) [¹⁸F] nuclear reaction. Total target volumes of 3.2-4.8 mL were used. The radiofluoride was trapped on a Waters QMA cartridge (pre-conditioned with carbonate), and the fluoride was eluted with a solution of tetrabutylammnonium hydrogen carbonate (22 mg) in water (100 μL) and acetonitrile (400 μL). Nitrogen was used to drive the solution off the QMA cartridge to the reaction vessel. The [¹⁸F]-fluoride was dried for 9 minutes at 120° C. under a steady stream of nitrogen and vacuum. A mixture of the precursor (10.2 mg) and TEMPO (1.7 mg) in MeCN (1.7 mL) was added to the dried [¹⁸F]-fluoride and the reaction mixture was heated at 120 C for 10 minutes. The crude product was diluted with water (9.3 mL) and analysed by HPLC.

The % of [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz in the crude product was 92% with 1% of the late eluting radiolysis product. The addition of TEMPO to the labelling reaction reduces the amount of the late eluting radiolysis product (FIG. 1 ). The present inventors deduce from these results that even when carried out at high activity the addition of TEMPO to the radiolabelling reaction acts to reduce the late eluting radiolysis product.

Example 3: Radiosynthesis of [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz with EtOH-Based SPE Purification

[¹⁸F]-fluoride (ca. 100 GBq) was produced using a GE Medical Systems PETtrace cyclotron with a silver target via the [¹⁸O](p,n) [¹⁸F] nuclear reaction. Total target volumes of 3.2-4.8 mL were used. The radiofluoride was trapped on a Waters QMA cartridge (pre-conditioned with carbonate), and the fluoride was eluted with a solution of tetrabutylammnonium hydrogen carbonate (22 mg) in water (100 μL) and acetonitrile (400 μL). Nitrogen was used to drive the solution off the QMA cartridge to the reaction vessel. The [¹⁸F]fluoride was dried for 9 minutes at 120° C. under a steady stream of nitrogen and vacuum. The precursor (10.2 mg) in MeCN (1.7 mL) was added to the dried [¹⁸F]-fluoride and the reaction mixture was heated at 120 C for 10 minutes. The crude product was diluted with 2 M NaOH (1.3 mL) and water (4 mL) and left to stand for 60 seconds (see FIG. 2 for comparison of with and without NaOH hydrolysis). The crude product was then loaded onto a tC18 SPE cartridge (Waters, product number WAT036800) and purified using the method described below.

The SPE cartridge was washed with water (30 mL) to wash away the acetonitrile, NaOH and hydrophilic chemical and radiochemical impurities. Then the SPE cartridge was washed with a 35% ethanol solution in water (25 mL) to remove the hydroxy impurity. After this, the first SPE cartridge was connected in series to a second SPE cartridge (Waters, product number WAT036800) and the two were washed with a 40% ethanolic water solution (14 mL) followed by a stream of nitrogen to transfer the [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz onto the second cartridge and trap the more lipophilic chemical and radiochemical impurities. The second SPE cartridge was then eluted with a 70% ethanolic solution (3 mL) to elute the [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz into the product vial. The 25 mL product vial was composed of water (23 mL), ethanol (2 mL) and ascorbic acid (50 mg/mL). See FIG. 3 for a chromatogram of the SPE purified product with and without ascorbic acid present.

The non decay corrected yield was 43%, resulting in a product with an RAC of 1,800 MBq/mL. The RCP of the final product was 97%. Two radiolysis products were observed (1% and 2% respectively). When ascorbic acid is excluded from the product vial, the RCP is 85-88% (FIG. 3 ).

Example 4: Radiosynthesis of [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz with EtOH-Based SPE Purification

PH-fluoride (ca. 100 GBq) was produced using a GE Medical Systems PETtrace cyclotron with a silver target via the [¹⁸O](p,n) [¹⁸F] nuclear reaction. Total target volumes of 3.2-4.8 mL were used. The radiofluoride was trapped on a Waters QMA cartridge (pre-conditioned with carbonate), and the fluoride was eluted with a solution of tetrabutylammnonium hydrogen carbonate (22 mg) in water (100 μL) and acetonitrile (400 μL). Nitrogen was used to drive the solution off the QMA cartridge to the reaction vessel. The [¹⁸F]fluoride was dried for 9 minutes at 120° C. under a steady stream of nitrogen and vacuum. The precursor (10.2 mg) in MeCN (1.7 mL) was added to the dried [¹⁸F]-fluoride and the reaction mixture was heated at 120 C for 10 minutes. The crude product was diluted with 2 M NaOH (1.3 mL) and water (4 mL) and left to stand for 60 seconds (see FIG. 2 for comparison of with and without NaOH hydrolysis). The crude product was then loaded onto a tC18 SPE cartridge (Waters, product number WAT036800) and purified using the method described below.

The SPE cartridge was washed with water (30 mL) to wash away the acetonitrile, NaOH and hydrophilic chemical and radiochemical impurities. Then the SPE cartridge was washed with a 40% acetonitrile solution in water (10 mL) to remove the hydroxy impurity. After this, the first SPE cartridge was connected in series to a second SPE cartridge (Waters, product number WAT036800) and the two were washed with 40% acetonitrile (25 mL) followed by a stream of nitrogen to transfer the [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz onto the second cartridge and trap the more lipophilic chemical and radiochemical impurities. The second SPE cartridge was then eluted with a 45% ethanolic solution (7 mL) to elute the [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz into the product vial. The 45 mL product vial was composed of water (42 mL), ethanol (3 mL) and ascorbic acid (50 mg/mL).

The non decay corrected yield was 40-44%, resulting in a product with an RAC of 1,700-2,000 MBq/mL. The RCP of the final product was 97-98%. Two radiolysis products were observed (1% and 1-2% respectively).

Example 5: Automated Synthesis and Purification of [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz

A FASTlab™ automated synthesizer (GE Healthcare Ltd) with cassette was used. The tC18 cartridge was obtained from Waters Limited (address as above). Precursor 1 was reacted with [¹⁸F]fluoride on the FASTlab™ according to Example 3 to give [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz.

Purification.

The cassette configuration is given in FIG. 4 . Three external solvent vials are used on the cassette for the SPE purification in addition to the formulation vial:

Position 9=35% ethanol (or 40% acetonitrile) in water; Position 10=40% ethanol (or 45% ethanol) in water; Position 22=100% ethanol Position 23=23 mL water for formulation.

Other Cassette Positions:

Position 14=70% ethanol in water (or blank) Position 17: Tubing to the tC18 cartridge (SPE1) in Position 18; Position 18: tC18 cartridge; Position 19: Tubing to the tC18 cartridge (SPE2) in Position 18; Position 20: tC18 cartridge;

FASTlab™ Procedure.

In the following, P refers to the Position of the cassette. S2 and S3 refer to syringe 2 and syringe 3:

(i) the first part of the purification process was conditioning with full S2 fill with ethanol from P22, followed by a full S2 fill of water from P15. (ii) the hydrolysed crude product was diluted with water to 7 mL total volume in S2 and then slowly trapped onto SPE1. (iii) SPE1 was washed with 5×5 mL 35% ethanol (or 10-14 mL 40% acetonitrile) from position 9 via S2. (iv) SPE1 and SPE2 were washed with 3×5 mL 40% ethanol (or 21-25 mL 40% acetonitrile) from position 10 via S2 to transfer [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz from SPE1 onto SPE2. (v) the product was eluted from SPE2 with 70% ethanol (or 45% ethanol if acetonitrile method) solution from P14. (vi) SPE2 was dried with a flow of nitrogen to ensure all of the product was transferred to the product collection vial (FIG. 4 )

Example 6: Radiosynthesis of [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz with MeCN-Based SPE Purification

[¹⁸F]-fluoride (ca. 100 GBq) is produced using a GE Medical Systems PETtrace cyclotron with a silver target via the [¹⁸O](p,n) [¹⁸F] nuclear reaction. Total target volumes of 3.2-4.8 mL are used. The radiofluoride is trapped on a Waters QMA cartridge (pre-conditioned with carbonate), and the fluoride is eluted with a solution of tetrabutylammnonium hydrogen carbonate (22 mg) in water (100 μL) and acetonitrile (400 μL). Nitrogen is used to drive the solution off the QMA cartridge to the reaction vessel.

The [¹⁸F]fluoride is dried for 9 minutes at 120° C. under a steady stream of nitrogen and vacuum. The precursor (10.2 mg) in MeCN (1.7 mL) is added to the dried [¹⁸F]-fluoride and the reaction mixture is heated at 120° C. for 10 minutes. The crude product is diluted with water (5.3 mL) and loaded onto a tC18 SPE cartridge (Waters, product number WAT036800) and is purified using the method described below.

Sodium hydroxide (2 M, ca. 3 mL) is passed through the SPE cartridge at a slow flow rate to hydrolyse the crude product. The SPE cartridge is then washed with aqueous solution (14 mL) to wash away the acetonitrile, NaOH and hydrophilic chemical and radiochemical impurities. Then the SPE cartridge is washed with a 40% acetonitrile solution in water (10.5 mL) to remove the hydroxy impurity. In an alternative, the SPE cartridge could be washed with NaOH here either instead of or in addition to the earlier NaOH step. After this, the first SPE cartridge is connected in series to a second SPE cartridge (Waters, product number WAT036800) and the two are washed with further 40% acetonitrile water solution (24.5 mL) followed by a stream of nitrogen to transfer the [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz onto the second cartridge and trap the more lipophilic chemical and radiochemical impurities. The second SPE cartridge (optionally washed before ethanol elution) is then eluted with a 45% ethanolic solution (9 mL, 3-9 mL fraction collected in product vial) followed by water (4 mL) and a stream of nitrogen to elute the [¹⁸F]Flurpiridaz into the product vial. 

1-27. (canceled)
 28. A cassette for preparing an ¹⁸F-labelled compound comprising: i) a vessel containing a precursor compound of Formula I: BTM-LINKER-LG  (I) wherein: BTM is an analogue of pyridaben; LINKER is an alkylene or an alkoxyalkylene; and, LG is a sulfonate-containing leaving group; ii) a vessel containing water; iii) one or more SPE cartridges; iv) a vessel containing a solution comprising an organic solvent; v) a vessel containing a solution comprising ethanol; vi) a vessel containing a hydrolyzing reagent; vii) TEMPO contained in a vessel or contained in said vessel containing the precursor compound; viii) a reaction vessel; ix) means for eluting the vessel of (i) with a suitable source of ¹⁸F; x) means to transfer the precursor compound and suitable source of ¹⁸F to the reaction vessel; xi) means to transfer the crude reaction mixture to said one or more SPE cartridges, the crude reaction mixture comprising an ¹⁸F labelled compound of Formula II: BTM-LINKER-¹⁸F  (II) wherein BTM and LINKER are defined for Formula I; xii) means to selectively transfer said water, said solution comprising an organic solvent and said solution comprising ethanol to said one or more SPE cartridges; and, xiii) means to transfer said purified compound of Formula II to a product collection vial.
 29. The cassette as defined in claim 28 which further comprises a vial containing a hydrolyzing reagent.
 30. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein said precursor compound is a compound of Formula Ia:

and said ¹⁸F-labelled compound is a compound of Formula IIa:

wherein: R¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is hydrogen or halo; W is an optionally substituted alkylene or heteroalkylene.
 31. The cassette as defined in claim 30, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 32. The cassette as defined in claim 30, wherein R¹ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl.
 33. The cassette as defined in claim 30, wherein R² is halo.
 34. The cassette as defined in claim 30, wherein R² is chloro.
 35. The cassette as defined in claim 30, wherein W is heteroalkylene.
 36. The cassette as defined in claim 30, wherein W is alkoxyalkylene.
 37. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein said compound of Formula I is a compound of Formula Ib:

and said compound of Formula II is a compound of Formula IIb:

R¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is hydrogen or halo; LINKER is an alkylene or an alkoxyalkylene; and, LG is a sulfonate-containing leaving group.
 38. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein said compound of Formula I is:

wherein LG is a sulfonate-containing leaving group; and said compound of Formula II is:


39. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein LG is selected from mesylate, tosylate, triflate, nosylate, or 1,2-cyclic sulfate.
 40. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein LG is tosylate.
 41. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein said precursor compound is dissolved in acetonitrile.
 42. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein said TEMPO is present in a molar ratio to the precursor compound of between 0.01:1 and 5:1.
 43. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein the starting radioactivity is at least 100 GBq.
 44. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein the starting radioactivity is between 100-1000 GBq.
 45. The cassette as defined in claim 28, wherein the starting radioactivity is between 100-750 GBq.
 46. The cassette as defined in claim 28, further comprising a solid phase extraction (SPE) unit for purification of said ¹⁸F-labelled compound. 